Precision Below the Surface: The Challenges and Control of Depth Tolerance in Multilayer PCB Fabrication 1. Understanding Depth Tolerance in Multilayer PCB Fabrication 1.1 What is Depth Tolerance    Depth Tolerance refers to the allowable deviation from a specified material removal depth or layer-termination depth during PCB fabrication. It is a quantitative measure defining how deep a tool, laser...

From Problem to Precision: Mastering the Stub Effect in Advanced PCB Manufacturing Processes Introduction    Over the last decade, printed circuit boards have undergone a radical transformation from relatively simple interconnection platforms to high-density, high-frequency transmission ecosystems. As designs transition from megahertz signals to multi-gigabit transmission lines, the smallest physi...

The High-Frequency Saboteur: How the Stub Effect Degrades Performance in PCB Fabrication 1. Understanding the Stub Effect: Definition and Fundamental Behavior    At its simplest, the Stub Effect refers to the electrical behavior of an unused portion of a conductive via barrel that remains connected to no active trace but exists as a physical segment of metal. This leftover copper becomes an uninte...

Backdrill in PCB Manufacturing: The Definitive Technique for Stub Removal and Signal Integrity 1. Introduction to High-Speed PCB Manufacturing    The electrical performance of modern PCBs is shaped by a fundamental transformation in computing, communication, and sensing technologies. Bandwidth requirements have shifted upward so dramatically that classical PCB manufacturing rules, traditionally op...